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# css-select [](https://npmjs.org/package/css-select) [](http://travis-ci.com/fb55/css-select) [](https://npmjs.org/package/css-select) [](https://coveralls.io/r/fb55/css-select)
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A CSS selector compiler and engine
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## What?
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As a **compiler**, css-select turns CSS selectors into functions that tests if
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elements match them.
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As an **engine**, css-select looks through a DOM tree, searching for elements.
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Elements are tested "from the top", similar to how browsers execute CSS
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selectors.
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In its default configuration, css-select queries the DOM structure of the
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[`domhandler`](https://github.com/fb55/domhandler) module (also known as
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htmlparser2 DOM). To query alternative DOM structures, see [`Options`](#options)
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below.
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**Features:**
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- 🔬 Full implementation of CSS3 selectors, as well as most CSS4 selectors
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- 🧪 Partial implementation of jQuery/Sizzle extensions (see
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[cheerio-select](https://github.com/cheeriojs/cheerio-select) for the
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remaining selectors)
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- 🧑🔬 High test coverage, including the full test suites from Sizzle, Qwery and
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NWMatcher.
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- 🥼 Reliably great performance
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## Why?
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Most CSS engines written in JavaScript execute selectors left-to-right. That
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means thet execute every component of the selector in order, from left to right
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_(duh)_. As an example: For the selector `a b`, these engines will first query
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for `a` elements, then search these for `b` elements. (That's the approach of
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eg. [`Sizzle`](https://github.com/jquery/sizzle),
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[`nwmatcher`](https://github.com/dperini/nwmatcher/) and
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[`qwery`](https://github.com/ded/qwery).)
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While this works, it has some downsides: Children of `a`s will be checked
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multiple times; first, to check if they are also `a`s, then, for every superior
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`a` once, if they are `b`s. Using
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[Big O notation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation), that would be
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`O(n^(k+1))`, where `k` is the number of descendant selectors (that's the space
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in the example above).
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The far more efficient approach is to first look for `b` elements, then check if
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they have superior `a` elements: Using big O notation again, that would be
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`O(n)`. That's called right-to-left execution.
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And that's what css-select does – and why it's quite performant.
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## How does it work?
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By building a stack of functions.
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_Wait, what?_
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Okay, so let's suppose we want to compile the selector `a b`, for right-to-left
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execution. We start by _parsing_ the selector. This turns the selector into an
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array of the building blocks. That's what the
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[`css-what`](https://github.com/fb55/css-what) module is for, if you want to
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have a look.
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Anyway, after parsing, we end up with an array like this one:
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```js
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[
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{ type: "tag", name: "a" },
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{ type: "descendant" },
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{ type: "tag", name: "b" },
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];
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```
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(Actually, this array is wrapped in another array, but that's another story,
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involving commas in selectors.)
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Now that we know the meaning of every part of the selector, we can compile it.
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That is where things become interesting.
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The basic idea is to turn every part of the selector into a function, which
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takes an element as its only argument. The function checks whether a passed
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element matches its part of the selector: If it does, the element is passed to
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the next function representing the next part of the selector. That function does
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the same. If an element is accepted by all parts of the selector, it _matches_
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the selector and double rainbow ALL THE WAY.
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As said before, we want to do right-to-left execution with all the big O
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improvements. That means elements are passed from the rightmost part of the
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selector (`b` in our example) to the leftmost (~~which would be `c`~~ of course
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`a`).
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For traversals, such as the _descendant_ operating the space between `a` and
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`b`, we walk up the DOM tree, starting from the element passed as argument.
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_//TODO: More in-depth description. Implementation details. Build a spaceship._
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## API
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```js
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const CSSselect = require("css-select");
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```
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**Note:** css-select throws errors when invalid selectors are passed to it.This
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is done to aid with writing css selectors, but can be unexpected when processing
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arbitrary strings.
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#### `CSSselect.selectAll(query, elems, options)`
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Queries `elems`, returns an array containing all matches.
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- `query` can be either a CSS selector or a function.
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- `elems` can be either an array of elements, or a single element. If it is an
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element, its children will be queried.
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- `options` is described below.
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Aliases: `default` export, `CSSselect.iterate(query, elems)`.
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#### `CSSselect.compile(query, options)`
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Compiles the query, returns a function.
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#### `CSSselect.is(elem, query, options)`
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Tests whether or not an element is matched by `query`. `query` can be either a
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CSS selector or a function.
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#### `CSSselect.selectOne(query, elems, options)`
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Arguments are the same as for `CSSselect.selectAll(query, elems)`. Only returns
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the first match, or `null` if there was no match.
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### Options
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All options are optional.
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- `xmlMode`: When enabled, tag names will be case-sensitive. Default: `false`.
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- `rootFunc`: The last function in the stack, will be called with the last
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element that's looked at.
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- `adapter`: The adapter to use when interacting with the backing DOM
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structure. By default it uses the `domutils` module.
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- `context`: The context of the current query. Used to limit the scope of
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searches. Can be matched directly using the `:scope` pseudo-selector.
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- `cacheResults`: Allow css-select to cache results for some selectors,
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sometimes greatly improving querying performance. Disable this if your
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document can change in between queries with the same compiled selector.
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Default: `true`.
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#### Custom Adapters
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A custom adapter must match the interface described
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[here](https://github.com/fb55/css-select/blob/1aa44bdd64aaf2ebdfd7f338e2e76bed36521957/src/types.ts#L6-L96).
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You may want to have a look at [`domutils`](https://github.com/fb55/domutils) to
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see the default implementation, or at
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[`css-select-browser-adapter`](https://github.com/nrkn/css-select-browser-adapter/blob/master/index.js)
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for an implementation backed by the DOM.
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## Supported selectors
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_As defined by CSS 4 and / or jQuery._
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- [Selector lists](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Selector_list)
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(`,`)
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- [Universal](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Universal_selectors)
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(`*`)
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- [Type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Type_selectors)
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(`<tagname>`)
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- [Descendant](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Descendant_combinator)
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(` `)
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- [Child](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Child_combinator)
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(`>`)
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- Parent (`<`)
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- [Adjacent sibling](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Adjacent_sibling_combinator)
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(`+`)
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- [General sibling](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/General_sibling_combinator)
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(`~`)
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- [Attribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors)
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(`[attr=foo]`), with supported comparisons:
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- `[attr]` (existential)
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- `=`
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- `~=`
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- `|=`
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- `*=`
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- `^=`
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- `$=`
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- `!=`
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- `i` and `s` can be added after the comparison to make the comparison
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case-insensitive or case-sensitive (eg. `[attr=foo i]`). If neither is
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supplied, css-select will follow the HTML spec's
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[case-sensitivity rules](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics-other.html#case-sensitivity-of-selectors).
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- Pseudos:
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- [`:not`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:not)
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- [`:contains`](https://api.jquery.com/contains-selector)
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- `:icontains` (case-insensitive version of `:contains`)
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- [`:has`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:has)
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- [`:root`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:root)
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- [`:empty`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:empty)
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- [`:parent`](https://api.jquery.com/parent-selector)
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- [`:first-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:first-child),
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[`:last-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:last-child),
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[`:first-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:first-of-type),
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[`:last-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:last-of-type)
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- [`:only-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:only-of-type),
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[`:only-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:only-child)
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- [`:nth-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-child),
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[`:nth-last-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-last-child),
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[`:nth-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-of-type),
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[`:nth-last-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-last-of-type),
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- [`:link`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:link),
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[`:any-link`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:any-link)
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- [`:visited`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:visited),
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[`:hover`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:hover),
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[`:active`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:active)
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(these depend on optional `Adapter` methods, so these will only match
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elements if implemented in `Adapter`)
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- [`:selected`](https://api.jquery.com/selected-selector),
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[`:checked`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:checked)
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- [`:enabled`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:enabled),
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[`:disabled`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:disabled)
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- [`:required`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:required),
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[`:optional`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:optional)
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- [`:header`](https://api.jquery.com/header-selector),
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[`:button`](https://api.jquery.com/button-selector),
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[`:input`](https://api.jquery.com/input-selector),
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[`:text`](https://api.jquery.com/text-selector),
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[`:checkbox`](https://api.jquery.com/checkbox-selector),
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[`:file`](https://api.jquery.com/file-selector),
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[`:password`](https://api.jquery.com/password-selector),
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[`:reset`](https://api.jquery.com/reset-selector),
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[`:radio`](https://api.jquery.com/radio-selector) etc.
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- [`:is`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:is), plus its
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legacy alias `:matches`
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- [`:scope`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:scope)
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(uses the context from the passed options)
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---
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License: BSD-2-Clause
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## Security contact information
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To report a security vulnerability, please use the
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[Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security). Tidelift will
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coordinate the fix and disclosure.
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## `css-select` for enterprise
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Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription
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The maintainers of `css-select` and thousands of other packages are working with
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Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source
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dependencies you use to build your applications. Save time, reduce risk, and
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improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact dependencies you
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use.
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[Learn more.](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-css-select?utm_source=npm-css-select&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise&utm_term=repo)
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